In the heart of Paris, near the Louvre and the Tuileries Gardens, the monument is a golden girl on a warhorse and a banner in his hand. Shine rider – national heroine of France Joan of Arc, which did not allow the country to die back in the XV century. Russian writer and philosopher Dmitry Merezhkovsky in 1938, on the eve of World War II, wrote the famous Maiden: “If Jeanne really saved France, then saved and Europe, as in the twentieth century has undoubtedly than the fifteenth century, that Europe is not without France “. Despite the fact that the available information about the life of Jeanne-Virgin lot of white spots, and if historical truth is, for a long time mixed with fiction, it still remains a favorite of the French, and one of the most interesting personalities in the history of the world.
Childhood, adolescence, war
Medievalists suggest that Joan of Arc was born in 1412 in the small village of Domremy in the north-east of France. Beginning of the XV century – the height of the Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) between England and France. French kingdom suffered huge losses and were close to complete defeat. The situation was aggravated treaty signed at Troyes in 1420 the wife of the King of France Isabella of Bavaria. According to the agreement, the English ruler after the death of Henry V Charles VI the Mad Valois (which occurred two years later) was declared heir to the French throne, despite the fact that Isabella and Charles VI’s son grew up. This agreement became the de facto merger of France to England, and
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country began to slowly break down into three parts: the south remained faithful to the Valois dynasty, north came under British control, and Burgundy, although it tried to maintain its independence, yet favored England
Believing that she really must save France from the English, Jeanne began to urge parents to equip it in the path to the dauphin Charles VII, which is sure to give her an army. According to records found in his native village girl, Jeanne even forced to marry, so she settled down and began farming. However, divorce first wanted her new husband, who did not like him that Jeanne constantly denies execution of marital debt. Honeymooners managed to dissolve – for the Middle Ages, an event almost unprecedented
Realizing that parents she did not helpers, in 16 years the maiden ran out of the house in the nearby town of Vaucouleurs to a friend of his father. captain de Baudricourt. His Jeanne also requested help to meet the Dauphin.
At first, de Baudricourt quite ironically reacted to the stories of God’s ambassador, but after a while she agreed to give people and equipment. In 1429, going to Chinon Castle, along with two soldiers de Baudricourt, Jeanne security changed her dress for men’s suit and cut hair
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At this time, Charles VII had already told that to it is sent to a village girl, proclaimed itself the future savior of France. After consulting with the court, the young Valois decided to test the intruder almost as the “Battle of psychics” when she did come to Chinon, Dauphin hide and let the maiden herself looking for his king. Seeing the girl in the castle, many women at once decided that there is in it something demonic – simply because she was wearing a man’s dress. Jeanne was able to pass the test: barely crossed the threshold halls, she immediately identified Charles VII in the crowd. Take him away, the guest warmly whispered that the angels told her to make the Dauphin King of France. Valois rightly said: to get to Reims, where usually crowned French rulers, they have to go through the British troops besieging Orleans. Hearing this, Jeanne immediately
asked to give her an army, which it will lead to the liberation of Orleans: yes, the art of war, it is not trained and the sword in the hands did not hold, but it protect holy.
Such talk seemed to Charles VII is quite amusing, besides, he was obsessed with the desire to occupy the French throne, which he could not get it. In the late 1420′s French lands who have moved to the British after the Treaty of Troyes, drove the Duke of Bedford, regent for the infant Henry VI of, son of the deceased at the time of Henry V. About Charles VII was rumored that, even if the British leave France, he still do not have rights to the throne, as it is the illegitimate son of Charles VI the Mad and wanton born Isabella of Bavaria from the unknown duke. If his king crowned God’s messenger, thought Dauphin, it would be in the eyes of the people is a good sign that the power given to him from above.
In the next three weeks the best theologians have tried to establish, Whose voice is heard Jeanne, angels or demons. By the way, all the ecclesiastical courts the girl asked the same questions: they say angels in what language? How do they look? How are you called? And she always answered, of course, in French, because God is on the side of France, the angels have a beautiful appearance and fragrance, with me Archangel Michael, Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret. Yet evidence of “innocence” Joan was not enough, and it can burn even after the first interrogation in 1429. But then – most likely, at the personal request of the Dauphin – it truly recognized God’s messenger and was released to the world. This was followed by another procedure. In Chinon midwives invited to explore Joan as a girl who hear angelic voices, must be clean not only the spirit but also the body. When all necessary data have been collected, Charles VII finally gave Joan of Arc nine thousandth army, ordered her to forge armor and sent to Orleans
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Wanting to avoid bloodshed, Jeanne asked four times to send a letter on his behalf to the Duke of Bedford to ask for peace with France. All petitions regent refuses. Then the warrior had to lead the troops into battle.
May 4, 1429 the composition of the French troops had won the first major victory after many years of defeats in the Hundred Years War. This event not only helped to take some of the siege, but also significantly boosted the morale of the soldiers.
A few days later, on May 7 during a battle in the tower Turelley Jeanne was wounded above the clavicle, and the French drooped again . What is this God’s messengers such, they thought, if they are even in the armor is so easy to take a weapon? Independently of tearing wounds arrow virgin again sat on the horse and went out on the battlefield. By the way, as noted by the French soldiers, in the court of the Dauphin Jeanne, rather, flirting, talking about the inability to fight, in fact it is not so bad it was controlled with a weapon. May 8 was complete French victory over the English at Orleans, Joan of Arc then became known as the Virgin of Orleans. As promised, Jeanne crowned their king in Reims Cathedral. And for the victory of the new king asked for more horses and the abolition of taxes with the native village.
One of Orleans was not enough. To assert its superiority, the French had to release more and Paris. Knowing that the city is much better fortified Orleans Arc Charles VII asked to give her more soldiers. But, as historians note, the king refused to spend money on an increase in the army. Going up to the walls of Paris at the end of August 1429, with Jeanne collapsed and retreated with his army not numerous. Bearer of Arc was killed, but very young girl seriously wounded. From these military campaigns, she had to give up until they are cured. The French began to say that Joan too puffed up after the victory at Orleans Saints and now she does not help.
It is a pity that it is not our
In May 1430 Arc decided to help lift the siege Compiegne, who won the British accomplices – Burgundians. During one of the battles it captured and demanded for the release of 10 thousand livres -. A colossal sum for the standards
Valois refused to pay for the subjects, and in November 1430. it bought British
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By the way, God’s messenger claimed chief Inquisitor of France to give, but for less money. Later, one of his lieutenants – Jean Lemaitre – will be among the judges in the trial of the virgin of Orleans
After the transfer of Joan of Arc to the English in Rouen, a city in the north of France, held once a church court, who wore a conformable political. . “If the Church recognizes that led the troops, and was crowned at Reims in France, Charles of Valois kings of the girl possessed by demons, which will be for him and for the whole of France, shame!” – Says one of the extant records. According to historical documents, in all interrogations Jeanne acted boldly and optimistically, still persist that it is only on God and the angels, from which it will not give up. And one of the present soldiers if even exclaimed: “That’s a girl, it is a pity that it is not ours!” – Wrote French historian Gasquet
«heretic, verootstupnitsa, idolatress»
After a lot. proceedings ecclesiastical court sentenced Joan of Arc to death. There is an opinion that in the Middle Ages, all those who disagree with the Church immediately led to the fire. And if in respect of the alleged witches and wizards and could be the heretics, on the contrary, it was required to save from execution, forced to abandon their convictions and appeal to the canonical faith. Thus the Church asserted its primacy. Preserved appeal of Pope Innocent III to the inquisitors: “Faithful and agile people need to defraud heretic confession, promising him freedom from the fire»
They burned usually only the most implacable fanatics who are neither. under no circumstances renounced his views, such as Giordano Bruno.
Summing maiden to the fire, the judge again asked, not whether it wishes to submit to the Church, to which she once again refused. However, it is a death sentence was read, Joan suddenly started shouting that the total retracts and remains with the Church. She immediately slipped prepared in advance for such cases, the paper, the text of which she still could not read because of his illiteracy. It said the following: she pleaded guilty to intoxication and people will be kept for life in prison on bread and water. After the Maid of Orleans is something scribbled on a piece of her taken back to prison.
It is the first time a few years back was wearing a woman’s dress. However, less than a week, like Joan of Arc began to cry, saying that betrayed themselves and their faith, and to demand that it returned to the familiar male suit. The renunciation of renunciation to her no one could forgive. May 30, 1431 God’s messenger in the white miter with the word “heretic, verootstupnitsa, idolatress” again led to a fire in the area of Rouen Old Market. There, in the presence of onlookers once again read out the verdict and lit a fire. By the way, some particularly humane executioners to cut the victim of torment hours underlay the fire dry straw – so sentenced may suffocate in the smoke before the fire gets to his body. However, on the day the scaffold specifically set too high, so that no one could reach it. At the time of the execution of Joan of Arc, presumably, it was only 19 years old
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life after death
penalty Witnesses recalled the miracles allegedly occurred in the last minutes of the life of virgin of Orleans: someone told me that he had seen a white dove, emitted from the mouth girl, someone saw in a flame of fire letters “Jesus”. After the execution of a heretic burned began to forget, but remember again, when in New Orleans in the late 1430′s showed up false Jeanne. The girl told all that God had raised her, and she believed. Impostor was like a true Jeanne, she skillfully jumped on a horse and with a gun.
The girl even recognized the brothers of this Maid of Orleans. Miraculously rescued heroine began to bestow jewels and bestow honors.
Nevertheless, the false Jeanne still caught some little things for which he later paid the price.
After the execution of Joan of Arc king Charles VII of France, apparently occasionally I felt pangs of conscience because he did nothing to save them from the cruel death that which elevated him to the throne. From 1452 he began to study, as one would say now, rehabilitation Maid of Orleans. Valois succeeded in re-examination of the case, and in 1456 with Jeanne was cleared of all charges of heresy.
For a long time its status as a saint and national heroine not subject to doubt, until the monarchy fell. Republicans first Maid of Orleans bound only by the royal power, and the cult of virginity – the vestiges of the past. In the middle of the XIX century, the French decided not matter which system supported Arc, most importantly, that she the heroine of the common people
In 1909, the Maid of Orleans was nicknamed Blessed.. Then there was talk constantly about the canonization of Joan of Arc, that proved to be very difficult.
According to the existing laws, to declare someone a saint, it is required to provide confirmation of the witnesses of the wonders .
Of course, in the twentieth century to find those who have seen the virgin, was impossible. However, its canonized based on the stories of two women of miraculous healings. After much prayer, ascended to the Maid of Orleans, one was able to cure the ulcer on the foot, and the other – to get rid of a heart murmur. In addition to its national French heroine constantly remembered during the First World War: the image of a woman-warrior has become very popular again, and often reproduced on posters. Decision of the Roman Catholic Church in 1920, Joan of Arc was declared a saint. Every year on May 8 France celebrates his favorite, remembering how the maiden led troops to the French freedom.
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