75 years ago, came an order to “final solution of the Jewish question” – BBC

So far, the researchers argue that meant in letter-prescription use of the expression “final solution of the Jewish question.” Some believe that this does not mean “destruction” and, for example, deportation. To decipher these words, we should remember that the “final decision” is not preceded by one year of “phasing”, passed several stages “solution of the Jewish question”.
First anti-Jewish ideas of Hitler put forward in the letter of 16 September 1919, known as the “First political composition of Hitler. »

In this document he called the problem of” Jewish race “the main source of danger for Germany and for the peoples of the world and points to anti-Semitism as the only solution to this problem.

At the first stage it offers a systematic struggle against the Jews by the anti-Jewish legislation, on the second – puts “the ultimate goal – the elimination of the Jews in general.” Hitler wrote that “Judaism – is a certain race and not a religious group. As a result, we live among non-Germanic race with their own feelings, thoughts and aspirations, and has the same rights as we do. ” Even then, Hitler expressed the idea that to solve the “Jewish question” can a strong state, which would deprive the Jews of their civil rights. However, the ultimate goal, he stressed, “must be complete and uncompromising removal of the Jews”, in anticipation of their policies after coming to power.

gradual transition from theory to practice began with the coming to power of Hitler’s January 30, 1933. From that moment almost every year began to make decisions that lead to the formation of the repressive apparatus, focused mainly on the fight against “the widespread Jewish domination” as it liked to call the Third Reich. While talking about the dominance is not quite correct: by 1933 in Germany there were about half a million Jews, which was only about 1% of the total population of the country

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The aim of the first legislative acts was getting rid of the Jewish people in the bureaucracy

accepted the so-called “law. the “Aryanization” of civil servants “, in accordance with which to occupy an official post can only Aryan, ie a German who can document prove their Aryan origin.

The following legally adopted regulations have been associated with Nuremberg racial laws. September 15, 1935 at a meeting of the Party Congress in Nuremberg taken two crucial pieces of legislation. The first act is linked to the introduction of political restrictions for persons of Jewish nationality: they are deprived of basic political rights. The second act was devoted to the establishment of a ban on mixed marriages between Aryans and non-Aryans. Punishment subject they both because impair the Aryan nation.

There is legislating discriminatory tenets of the ideology of the Third Reich. The next step was the Kristallnacht of 1938, one of the organizers of which was Reinhard Heydrich, chief of the Gestapo, and from September 1939 – Head of the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA). This event marked the beginning of the final solution of the Jewish question.

Jewish pogroms swept the whole of Germany.

Of course, it happened earlier, but were local in nature, depending on a particular territory. Who are these riots gained national character. The reason for this reaction was the murder of an immigrant Jewish German diplomat in Paris. In response, the German public has already appeared under the influence of the ideology of the state, it has reacted in this way. Overnight, there was arson of synagogues across Germany, 267 of them burned to the ground, most of the Jewish shops and stores were destroyed, about 100 people were killed. The country began to reign state terror. After Kristallnacht in concentration camps began to direct German Jews only because of their nationality

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But still the main victims of which are connected with the Holocaust, concern, of course, the European Jewry. Since the inclusion of Austria in 1938, a part of Germany, and later joining the Sudetenland to Germany, and in 1939 already with the emergence of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia starts on arrests measures and displacement of the Jewish population with jobs and professions.

In 1936, Hitler ordered to Hermann Göring, Minister of aviation, and from 1940 – Reichsmarschall, the implementation of the so-called Four year plan – the transfer of the country on a war footing. In the hands of one person, all the German economy was concentrated

Concern “Hermann Goering Werke,” created in 1937, it has taken in charge by the numerous confiscated plants Jews and later. – factories in the occupied territories.

But a particular fondness Goering had for art objects, many of which were collected by the Jews and now they could be and were also shamelessly confiscated. As reported to one of the officials of the German military administration in Paris, “Field Marshal Goering’s special train consisted of twenty-five wagons, filled with the most valuable works of art.” It is interesting that before the attack on Russia in June 1941, Hering has developed a detailed program of plunder of its territories. The first line of text of the program read: “According to the order of the Fuhrer is necessary to take all measures for an immediate and full use of the occupied areas in the interest of Germany …»

In January 1939, Reinhard Heydrich proposed to establish in Berlin Reich Central Office for Jewish emigration, designed to comprehensively regulate the emigration of Jews and authorized to give them permission to leave

After the war began in 1939, Heydrich, together with Heinrich Himmler, Reichsfuhrer SS, headed the Einsatzgruppen -. paramilitary death squads, whose purpose was to “solve the Jewish question “in the German-occupied territories of the countries of Europe and the Soviet Union.

Thus, the implementation of the Nazi anti-Jewish policy was given into the hands of Heydrich and the SS.

at the end of September, Heydrich ordered the focus of Polish Jews in the ghetto and organize Jewish councils – Judenrats. On his orders, the Jews concentrated in large cities near transport lines, waiting for the next stage of the “final solution»

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Finally, July 31, 1941 Goring signed a decree on the appointment of Heydrich responsible for the “final solution of the Jewish question” in Europe, which involves the destruction of nearly 20 million people. Perhaps this requirement in addition to the implementation of the Nazi dream – destroy “poisoner of all peoples of the world” – was also a material interest. That is why the letter Heydrich signed not Reichsfuehrer SS Himmler, it would be quite logical, as Reich Marshal Goering.

As instructed Heydrich instructed to “make all necessary preparations for the organizational, economic and financial security of the final solution of the Jewish question in Europe and in the territories under the control of Germany. ” Heydrich was also authorized to provide in the near future a common action plan to address this issue.

Prescription Goering had dire consequences. In January 1942 at the Wannsee Conference was approved by the program Heydrich about the “final solution of the Jewish question”, meant the destruction of the Jews throughout subservient to Nazi Germany territory.

This decision was not advertised, and few, including the future victims, could believe that in the XX century is possible.

The Jews of Germany, France, Holland, Belgium sent to the east, in the camps and ghettos in Poland and Belarus, telling them about the temporality of such relocation. In Poland, the death camps were established, which were not even accommodate large numbers of people – only on immediate destruction of newcomers. Since then, the victims went through not thousands or even hundreds of thousands. From 4 to 8 million – as estimated, according to various estimates, the number of victims among the Jewish population

.

Overseas readers evaluated the images Altai Man’ula exhibited in a global web-network – Turkey Tourism News

Notifications about new observations cat Pallas aroused great interest among European readers, and expressive photos will not leave indifferent.

These shots were taken with camera traps in the second expedition «in the footsteps of the snow leopard,” which under the control of the senior scientific employee of the Altai Biosphere reserve Sergei Spitsyna from Novosibirsk volunteers participated, Yekaterinburg and Tomsk. In this edition we have affected the conservation of this unique Red Book species. I am here paused to say “Hello!” And “So far!»

Jocelyne, FRANCE:. «wonderful pictures Manul his round pupils, in the wild … Bravo …” “Bravo! Thank you to those who guard the treasure of the region “, – writes admiring nick

Pallas cat. (Aka – Pallas’ cat ) is brought in the Red Book

Tips. gray thick wool Pallas’ cat are white, why it might seem at first glance that the cat lightly snowing. Weight Pallas’ cat – about 5 kilograms. It helps him to hunt productive day and at dusk. He knows so well masked that even in the uniform open steppe, in the grass as tall as only 8-10 centimeters, it is very difficult to consider

By 2100, disappear gorillas, rhinos, tigers and other animals – The Russian Times

Prior to 2100 in the world can be destroyed by some kind of animal. This was reported by an international team of scientists on the pages of the scientific journal BioScience.

The western gorilla, black rhinoceros, the Bengal tiger, wild ass and banteng (member of the genus of these bulls) are likely to become extinct by 2100 . Such conclusion was an international team of scientists published their study in «BioScience» journal

The American experts have compiled a list of animals threatened with extinction through 90-100 years. Such, according to scientists’ predictions, 6 families. By 2100, the ninth year in the world there will be no black rhinoceros, the Bengal tiger, the western gorilla, wild ass, warty pig and banteng. If you do not try to fix the situation, then our descendants will be able to get an idea about these animals only on pictures.

The team of zoologists from the American Institute of Biological Sciences published a report, according to which by 2100 the world will completely disappear, some representatives of megafauna. At the moment there Anthropogenic era when people are dominant mammals in the world, which has led to tragic consequences for other species. Larger specimens are generally at greater risk of extinction than smaller, stress the authors of the work, published in BioScience portal.

According to recent studies, about 59% of large predators weighing over 15 kg and 60% herbivores weighing up 100 kg are endangered. Particularly deplorable is the situation in Africa and Asia, where the gorillas, rhinos and big cats are exposed to the risk of destruction. Scientists eventually identified six families of mammals, which by 2100 can not be taken at all.

So, western gorillas, black rhinos, Bengal tigers, African wild ass, warty pig and banteng can only stay in the picture. The researchers call on governments of different countries to stop deforestation and other agricultural works that violate the natural habitat of wild animals.

Scientists have concluded that Anthropogenic era in which a dominant position in the nature of a person holds, has led to tragic consequences for many other species. Studies have shown that extinction, primarily threatens large individuals: currently threatened with extinction are 59% predators, weighing more than 15 kg, and 60% herbivores weighing up to 100 kg

zoologists Group published its. report concerning endangered species. So, say the authors of the work, by 2100 the world will completely disappear by representatives of the western gorilla, black rhino, Bengal tiger, wild ass and banteng. If nothing changes, then our descendants will see these animals only on pictures. The team of zoologists from the American Institute of Biological Sciences published a report, according to which by 2100 the world will completely disappear, some representatives of megafauna.

At the moment there is the era Anthropogenic when people are dominant mammals in the world, which has led to tragic consequences for other species. Larger specimens are generally at greater risk of extinction than smaller, stress the authors of the work, published in BioScience portal. According to recent studies, about 59% of large predators weighing over 15 kg and 60% herbivores weighing up to 100 kg are endangered. Particularly deplorable is the situation in Africa and Asia, where the gorillas, rhinos and big cats are at risk of destruction.

Scientists eventually identified six families of mammals, which by 2100 could not stay at all. So, western gorillas, black rhinos, Bengal tigers, African wild ass, warty pig and banteng can only stay in the picture. The researchers call on governments of different countries to stop deforestation and other agricultural works that violate the natural habitat of wild animals.

If you will not be taken any action, then later that our grandchildren will learn about these animals only from scientific encyclopedias as He remarked the study’s author. At this point, you can rectify the situation.

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Biologists: By 2100, disappear gorillas, rhinos, tigers and other animals – Rosbalt.RU

 Until 2100 in the world can be destroyed by some kind of animal. This was reported by an international team of scientists on the pages of the scientific journal BioScience.

 Researchers have just analyzed, the rate at which certain populations are reduced. And as it turned out, the worst things in the western gorilla, black rhino, Bengal tiger, wild ass and banteng (a representative of this kind of bulls).

 “If humanity does not take any measures, our great-grandchildren will learn about these animals only from encyclopedias. The descendants will perceive the same Bengal tiger in the same way as we perceive mammoths and triceratops “, – said biologists

.
 On Earth, annually reduced many species of animals, and this is due primarily to human activities. At the same time, some kinds as they can adapt to their environment. But there are those who just go into oblivion, unable to withstand the main predator of the planet.

Smartphones Tizen will appear this year in South Africa – 3DNews

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FSB stopped the powerful cyberattack on the Russian organization – BBC News

FSB thwarted a large-scale cyber attack on the Russian organizations. Malicious spyware found in the computers of public authorities and defense enterprises. Moreover, according to experts, the virus is written individually for each specific organization.

FSB revealed in the Russian segment of the Internet malware created, supposedly in the interests of foreign special services. The investigation revealed that the infection underwent computers of several Russian departments – Ministries (Defence, Economic Development, Labour and Social Welfare, Ministry of Emergency Situations), as well as objects of the nuclear industry and space industry, scientific and military institutions, defense industry enterprises. In total have been infected around 20 networks of organizations located in Russia.

A malicious program fell into computers through emails from trusted recipients. Then the program was implemented in infecting the host computer and through it unhindered control of the entire network, intercepting network traffic, listening, taking screenshots of the screen, including their own webcams and microphones on computers and mobile devices, recording audio and video files and transferring data to press keyboard. That is, in fact, over time, a spyware program becomes “manager” said the network.

Control by the FSB for the distribution and operation of malicious software is carried out with the end of 2015. The first study showed that the control centers operated in the territory of a foreign state. According to the FSB, when creating the attackers used a simple program LUA programming language. This fact is interesting because usually kibershpionskih programs such level that language find difficult – it is more typical for the industry of computer games

“This programming language developed in the early 1990s in Brazil As a result of programming convenience.. speed code execution and ease of learning the language at present it is widely used for the development of massively duplicated software in particular, is known for its application in the computer games industry (for example, the most massive game – World of Warcraft). “, – explained the employee response Center computer incident in government FSB Alexei Novikov organs.

It turns out, the LUA programming language widely used in the development of software, including malware. In this case the experts are known several cases of cyber espionage carried out by means of the language.

“With the use of this language has been developed malicious software Babar, also known under the name EvilBunny. In addition, the worldwide fame gained malware Flame, in the development process is also used language LUA “, – he said at the Center for computer Emergency response in government FSB Alexei Novikov.

This is a sensational project Flame, the main purpose of which was precisely cyber espionage. About it became known in 2012 when it was revealed this malware infection about 600 computers located in different parts of the world. Most are in the Middle East – Iran, Egypt, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria and Sudan, as well as in the US, Israel and Saudi Arabia. The publication The Washington Post then reported that the spy virus was created jointly by the US and Israeli experts to obtain information that could be useful in thwarting “the Iranian nuclear program.” In the style of writing, the names of files, parameters use a cyber attack on the Russian computers institutions, according to the FSB, just similar to the Flame virus.

Now there are dozens of different groups in the world who specialize in spying. Relate some of them with a particular intelligence agency is not technically possible.

This week in St. Petersburg held an international meeting of heads of special services, in which representatives from more than 60 countries participated. The FSB director Alexander Bortnikov said that one of the main problems is that the hackers the opportunity to actively used by terrorists.

“The terms of their goals is wide enough. First of all, it is the establishment of links with hacker structures and use their capabilities for organizing massive . cyberattacks on critical infrastructure and the energy sector, communications centers, life support systems This targeted intervention may lead to emergencies and man-made disasters, “- commented the director of the FSB, the chairman of the National Anti-Terrorist Committee of Russia Alexander Bortnikov

<. p> this week sounded several unsubstantiated accusations by Washington in the Russian involvement in the hacking servers of the Democratic party. However, given the information provided today, the FSB, Russia itself is the subject of a cyber attack, and is not acting as an aggressor

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Russian developers have created on the hard disk 50MB and weighing in at 25 kilograms – TVNZ

Internet users ridiculed the new domestic development -. External drive GNI-M2.05 50 megabytes and cost 3.7 million rubles

The gadget developed in the Russian company NIIFI and BT. According to the manufacturer, this external hard drive is used as an external memory device computing system. The information in it is transmitted through the interface « Man -2», which was created in accordance with GOST 1987. Incidentally, the device weighs 25 kilograms.

Users have noted that, in these quotations the drive can only be purchased in the mortgage and praised the progress of import programs in the IT-sphere.

users have noted that under such pricing drive can only be purchased in the mortgage and praised the progress of import programs in the iT-sphere.

As explained by one of the developers, NIIFI employee and BT Vladimir Andreev , in fact, their hard drive – a special-purpose vehicles for military use:

– This is the development of the year 2000, it is used in a special set of management systems. Then it was necessary to make an external non-volatile data storage exclusively on domestic components for military acceptance. Solid-state memory modules in the Russian if not released, for generation of computing and this drive was created. The prime objective for this type of product, at least for the kind of forces for which it was created – is to use only domestic element base

.

FSB-kibershpion discovered the virus in 20 networks of government agencies and enterprises of the defense industry – BBC

On Saturday the Russian Federal Security Service reported that the military, defense and other state-owned enterprises were able to get cyberhawks. According to the service, on computers for more than 20 Russian enterprises found malicious software that is used for cyber-espionage.

«was contaminated information resources of public authorities and management, scientific and military institutions, enterprises of the military-industrial complex and other objects of critical infrastructure of the country “, – said the agency

also, the FSB believes that since the attack suffered several tens of state-owned enterprises, an attack was carefully planned. and carried out in a professional manner. Who exactly was the victim of hackers, not specified in the FSB

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Office experts analyzed the style of writing software (PO), the names of malicious files, as well as a way to “infected” computers and came to the conclusion that the same software used “in the high-profile operations to cyber espionage»

.

Fraudsters are made according to each “victim” individually and then attacked computer phishing method -. sent an e-mail message with an attachment that contains a malicious program

«after the introduction of the system malware loads the necessary modules allowing for the “victim”, and then is able to intercept network traffic, listening to him, the removal of the screen screenshots, including an independent web-cameras and microphones, PCs, mobile devices, recording audio and video files, to press keys on the keyboard data etc. “, – noted in the FSB

According to a leading analyst of ESET virus Artem Baranov listed FSB functions typical for backdoors -. malicious software that opens remote access to a victim’s computer

.

«We can assume that this attack was preceded by collection of information on potential victims. Then, the victim received phishing messages exploit (an infected file, that gets into the system and looking for vulnerabilities and then strikes -. “Times”), or malware as an attachment “- said the expert

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The FSB said that currently already taken steps to identify affected computers . As it turned out, “kibershpiony” attacked “victims” on the entire territory of Russia. Who can stand for such large-scale attacks, the ministry did not specify.

Viral analyst Artem Baranov said that hackers using similar techniques, are classified as state-sponsored (supported by the state), since the creation of and support for their infrastructure require significant resources.

according to a state Duma deputy, safety Committee member and anti-corruption Ilya Kostunova, the attack can be either foreign countries or competitors of the enterprise.

According to Kostunov, such cases show that the system of information security of important facilities, there are “holes”, so it is necessary, first, to strengthen the control by using antiviral drugs and “network” screen, and water Second, determine for the employees of these enterprises, what programs they can install.

In the State Duma Committee for security and Anti-corruption believe that the virus for cyber espionage was launched the US.

«This is beneficial especially to Americans. Microsoft Company, Oracle. Their software (I’m not talking about the “iron”) filled the anything and everything, and, of course, they are a threat to our information security, and not only information security »,

– said Dmitry Gorovtsov , deputy chairman Irina Spring Committee.

The FSB report also does not specify what kind of damage could be caused to the companies, but said that “the risks are minimized,” In his opinion, what kind of damage could cause the attackers to evaluate difficult, as in the case of fraudsters such attacks primarily care about is to identify the amount of the stolen information was impossible

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In 2015, more than 70 million malicious actions on the state of Internet resources, reported in May, the president of International Cooperation in the field of information security Andrey Krutskikh was recorded in Russia. According to the FSB, this figure is a fraction – in the last year experts have identified 24 million hacker attacks on government websites. In the Federation Council noted that the hackers behind the attacks change constantly, because of what is necessary to improve the system of protection.

«It is obvious that it is necessary to raise the level of security of information and communication resources, especially those that are used for the needs of defense and national security, law enforcement, stable operation of the economic and financial system, “- said Vladimir Putin in February 2016

at the same time, Putin said that in the upcoming elections to the state Duma intensified foreign. intelligence agencies and the FSB to the task to stop their activities.

in particular, to combat such attacks, the government intends to prohibit the use of foreign software and hardware in the corporate, government and municipal information systems. Minister of Communications and Mass Media Nikolai Nikiforov said that in May – June 2016. Russian software vendors will receive additional funding for these purposes laid 5 billion rubles. He also noted that

bodies of state power of purchasing foreign software in the amount of about 20 billion rubles. . Per year

About a year ago, the Federal Guard Service proposed a more radical way to fully protect the strategically important enterprises and government bodies – the creation of the Russian segment of the Internet public. People holding important government data are often subject to hacking due to the fact that use e-mail to public services, instant messengers, or simply are active in social networks.

This is indicated by Russian hackers from “Anonymous International” ( also known as “Humpty Dumpty”). In August last year, they made an appeal to the FSB, which indicated that the Russian officials ignore safety rules and crack them does not require much effort.

It should be noted that for the most high-profile hacking in Russia is just “Anonymous International”. In the 2014-2016 years, hackers laid out in the open access or trading your personal or business correspondence of senior government officials and the presidential administration. Attacks were also subjected to the staff of defense enterprises, well-known journalists and media managers. Also, the “International” has claimed responsibility for hacking Twitter account, Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev.

The expert explained the mystery of the hard disk for 3.7 million rubles – BBC

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A member of the Penza enterprises “NIIFI and BT” Vladimir Andreev explained the reason for the high prices and strange hard drive size of 50 MB, which is produced at its plant. Comments employee listed in Facebook of

«MoyOfis».

«It is the development of 2000, used special complex control systems. Then it was necessary to make an external non-volatile data storage exclusively on domestic components for military acceptance. Solid State Memory in Russia then were not allowed for that generation of computer technology and was created by a drive “, – said Andreev.

Also, the employee explained that the special-purpose vehicles for military purposes must necessarily be in the domestic element base.

Previous the media drew attention to the state procurement, which was listed external drive , called GNI-M2.05 for 3.7 million rubles. Hard disk drive is designed for use as an external memory device computing system. Information is transmitted via interface “Manchester-2″, which was created according to GOST 26765.52-87, dated 1987 year

Manufacturer storage device -. Enterprise “NIIFI and BT”, engaged in the research and development of electronic equipment

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As isolated from coral substance to help in the fight against tuberculosis – BBC

The definition in corals bactericidal agent can be an effective tool in the fight against tuberculosis. Scientists have found that artificially synthesized analogue of this substance works best natural and, moreover, it does not harm humans and overcomes the resistance of Koch bacillus causes tuberculosis to antibiotics. The results of the research group, supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation, have been published in the journal Chemistry-A European Journal, several papers prepared for publication. The head of the research project, Alexander Rubtsov told the Department of Science of the work done and on what scientists are still problems to be solved.

What is tuberculosis?

The infectious nature of TB has been proven by the German scientist Robert Koch in 1882. It was he who opened the disease-causing mycobacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (or Koch’s bacillus). Latin prefix myco- can be translated as “mushroom” and “wax”: in this case it means “wax-like” components contained in the cell wall and protects the bacteria. With the active form of tuberculosis tubercle bacillus multiplies rapidly in various human organs (most often – in the lungs), poisoning the body products of their vital activity

Along with the blood and lymph, it spreads around. body.

The methods of tuberculosis control is divided into two areas: vaccination and development of new medicines. The idea, supported by RNF, is to study the mechanism of action of a new class of substances on the mycobacteria that in the future may allow the creation of a new class of antibiotics. The project aims to search for new mechanisms of influence on the mycobacteria with a view to the subsequent creation of highly effective and non-toxic anti-tuberculosis agents.

The drugs are toxic, resistant bacteria

«A lot of people die from the toxicity of drugs. For more effective TB control need less toxic drugs. The second problem is multidrug-resistant bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis », – says the project manager Alexander Rubtsov. The project involves microbiologists, medical microbiologists, chemists synthetics, as well as cooperates with Professor Andrei Malkov from Loughborough University, United Kingdom (Loughborough University).

«The equipment purchased at selected under the program of development of the Perm National Research University funds, allows the study to date, but without the support of RNF conduct these studies would be practically impossible, – says Alexander Rubtsov. – Only a large part of the grant for 2015 was spent for the purchase of chemicals, bacterial media and various consumables for devices. Complex equipment purchased by HSE program and the grant RNF allows you to view the ongoing research on a completely different level of work in frontier areas of science and publish results in leading journals. »

At the bacteria M. tuberculosis develops multidrug antimicrobial resistance. Mycobacterium adapt to antibiotic action, quickly mutating and reducing its effect to naught. As a result, the patient makes his drug resistance to the drug, which was treated. The same principle lies at the heart of action of TB BCG vaccine (Russian transcription of the name of culture Bacillum Calmette Guerin, BCG).

Diagnosis of tuberculosis known reaction Mantoux, “a button”, which are all afraid to wet the school.

Now to the fore new methods of diagnosis of tuberculosis:. Molecular rapid tests HpertMTB / RIF

Corals tuberculosis

Previously, scientists have found that sea corals found belonging to the class of terpenes substance having a strong bactericidal effect. Terpenes – a class of hydrocarbons – biosynthetic products of the general formula (C5H8) n with carbon skeleton formally derived from the isoprene are (C5H8). The number of carbon atoms in the formula any terpene five fold: to get more complex terpenes, need to “lay down” several molecules of isoprene. For example, most of monoterpenes (C10H16) are the main components of essential oils. The names of all terpenes are derived from the Latin name of a natural object from which they identified: betulin (Latin Bétula – birch.), Menthol (Latin Méntha – mint.)

main. components of essential oils are terpenes, terpenes but not all – essential oils. For example, rubber is polyterpenes, but no essential oil.

Among the large number of connections with one of the most promising in the fight against M. tuberculosis is a diterpene called erogorgiane (C20H32), derived from marine coral class Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae. The problem is his isolation from a natural source was the fact that to obtain a sufficient number of erogorgiane required to process a huge amount of biomass a rare species of corals. Therefore, for further practical use of this compound had to be synthesized.

In order to obtain the desired diterpene used asymmetric synthesis method. Asymmetric center (or the stereo-center) in the organic molecule is not nothing but a carbon atom. Asymmetric it because in the arrangement relating to the carbon atoms may be some differences. For example, methane CH4 they have: four hydrogen atoms are bound to the same carbon atom of the chemical bonds, i.e. the methane molecule is symmetrical. In the case of carbon surrounded by various atoms and groups, then the random change of their places in the molecule can greatly affect its chemical properties.

Mirror molecule

Some organic molecules differ only in that they are mirror images of each other. Such substances are called stereoisomers, they possess chirality – they can not be turned so that left and right parts are fully aligned with each other, just as our right hand never coincide with the left, as if we have them or rotated. By the way, the word “chirality” is derived from the Greek χειρ – «hand.” This phenomenon leads to the fact that one molecule to the biological target is suitable and the other – no, like a three-dimensional mosaic

Therefore, for medicines is important to have asymmetric centers was strictly defined configuration. .

As a result of the synthesis of a mixture of two “mirror” stereoisomers. Nature smarter substances produced naturally cleaner, they consist of a single stereoisomer. synthetic chemists task is to shift the equilibrium of the reaction toward a particular stereoisomer, as in nature. For this purpose, organocatalysts – organic substances, which are formed due to the addition of one isomer

To see which of the stereoisomers is active in M. tuberculosis, researchers synthesized various stereoisomers and then tested their activity.. It was found that it is best synthetic analogue of the natural erogorgiane.

Currently used drugs and compounds undergoing clinical trials, have nothing to do with the structure of diterpenes. Nevertheless obtained in 2015, the results showed that the diterpene erogorgiane TB shows promising activity against strains of M. tuberculosis MDR. Terpenes are generally not toxic to humans in an amount of more than 3 g per kilogram of body weight. At least, the acute toxicity was detected in the 24 hours after administration of the drug does not appear.

How far is it to the medicine?

«What is the mechanism of action of terpenes to bacteria?” -. The issue is mainly to the creation of a new drug, and is still open

«On the creation of the drug, the active ingredient will diterpene erogorgiane, it makes sense to say that we fully understood the mechanism of its action on bacteria. This is the purpose of our project. The invention of new drugs – the process expensive and extended, as a rule, it has been delayed for 10-15 years “, – says Alexander Rubtsov

On the creation of a drug is required of $ 500 million. up to $ 3 billion.

By simulating and studying the properties of new materials and mechanisms of their interaction with the “target” (in this case it is caused by bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis), scientists find an active substance (hit-compound) which can be used for the production of a new medicament. Next, the resulting compound is finalized before the prototype compounds (lead compound) by improving its properties (permeation properties, solubility in water, chemical stability in the human body and others.). Meanwhile Pharmtechnology determine the form in which the medicine should be to maximize its effectiveness. When the optimal properties of the compound selected, it is time to test the drug. First, its activity, toxicity, mutagenicity tested on animals – this stage is called pre-clinical trials. Then the medicine is patented, and it is followed by three phases of clinical trials of the drug in humans.

FSB found the virus to spy on networks of government agencies and defense companies – RBC

Photo by Artem Korotaev / TASS

FSB Russia has found malicious software designed to cyber espionage, computer networks of 20 Russian organizations. We are talking about state power and defense industries

The Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) reported a virus infection, designed for kiberslezhki, networks 20 “critical infrastructure of the country ‘bodies. This was reported in the public relations center of the Federal Security Service.

«was contaminated information resources of public authorities and management, scientific and military institutions, enterprises of the military-industrial complex and other objects of critical infrastructure of the country”, – told in the secret service .

Infection networks with malware in the FSB called “professionally planned and executed the operation.” The Office also announced “targeted attacks».

According to experts, the virus is “in style of writing, the names of files, parameters and methods are becoming infected,” similar to the malware that was used in operations to cyber espionage in Russia and worldwide. The FSB noticed that the packages for such software are made individually for each of the victims, based on the unique characteristics of the personal computing machines (computers, mobile phones -. RBC’s ) , which is going to attack the intruders.

The virus is spread by sending e-mail messages that contain a malicious attachment. “After its introduction in the malware loads the necessary modules allowing for the victim, and then is able to intercept network traffic, listening to him, the removal of the screen screenshots, including an independent web-cameras and microphones, mobile devices, recording audio and video, data pressing keys on the keyboard, and the like “, – told the FSB.

Unusual gadget: who needs to drive 50 MB for 4 million rubles? – BBC Russian

Image copyright Getty Images

Image caption Modern hard drives can fit in the palm of a person

Information about the fact that Russia produces storage capacity of 50 MB and 25 kg, the cost of which is about 4 million rubles (59.6 thousand. dollars), provoked a storm of ridicule in social networks, but experts say that this hard drive can be indispensable in the defense sector.

External drive GNI-M2.05 was created on the Penza company “NIIFI and BT.” On the website of the company indicates that it can be used in operating temperatures ranging from minus 10 to plus 50 degrees Celsius and under severe mechanical stress. It is also noted that it will last at least 15 years.

The information in the drive is transmitted through the interface “Manchester-2″, which was created in accordance with GOST, dated 1987 year. The site purchases the price of the drive is listed in the amount of 3.7 rubles.

Image copyright Twitter

Value, memory size and weight of the device It caused confusion among users of social networks. Some of them compared to the cost of storage cost apartments and exchanged jokes about import substitution and about the implications of the package “anti-terror laws” Irina Spring.

In bbcrussian.com company said that are not yet ready to comment on development.

Image copyright Twitter

Experts iT-industry say that the drive with such characteristics can not be imagined in the everyday use, but it is quite It can be applied in the military sphere

“It is not correct to compare these devices with the hard drives, which are sold in the mass market Typically, these drives are used for military purposes, which for decades can not change the technique itself.”. – said BBC Russian service Manager of strategic Communications project Hi-Tech Mail.Ru Anton Spiridonov.

according to him, most recently in the United States used an 8-inch floppy disk to store data in the control system of nuclear missiles because the equipment installed back in 1950, did not support the new media.

“This is due to the narrow areas of application, where kakie-to new technologies not yet taken root. Hence the high cost of development and construction”, – said the expert.

CEO “by Destiny Development “Anton Agranovskiy also believes that storage of this size and price may be used exclusively for any secret defense industry enterprises that require ultra-secure system.

at the same time, he said, the modern compact media can to maintain the same temperature as specified in the GNI-M2.05 characteristics

“Almost all external hard drives, flash drives can operate at the same temperature, but weigh much less, and store much more data”. – Agranovskiy said BBC Russian service.

NASA successfully tested the SLS rocket engine for flight to Mars – RIA Novosti

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NASA announced the successful testing of the rocket engine for future missions to Mars – TASS

NEW YORK, July 30. / Corr. TASS Aleksey Kachalin /. US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has conducted Friday test firing rockets RS-25, upgraded to the parameters of the heavy carrier rocket SLS (Space Launch System), with which planned to ship a flight two years later Orion ( ” Orion “) to Mars. This was reported by NASA.

The tests were conducted at the site Stennis Space Center near Bay St. Louis (Mississippi). “RS-25 worked for 650 seconds Engine, becoming another successful step in the SLS development, which will allow a person to go into space like never far away and possibly make a trip to Mars”, – explained in the NASA

Cosmic. US agency explained that these rocket engines previously installed on the space shuttle, “shuttle”, the operation of which was completed in 2011 after 135 launches. RS-25 refined and equipped with a new control unit that allows for communication between the vehicle and the engine.

The current series of tests RD started July 14 and was carried out by specialists NASA, and companies Aerojet Rocketdyne and Syncom Space Services. They are the main contractors for the assembly RS-25 and operation of the landfill facilities in Mississippi.

US space agency plans this year to spend four tests of rocket engines of this type. The next is scheduled for August 18.

The first launch of the ship Orion using SLS is scheduled for late 2018. NASA manned flight to the Red Planet expects to carry out around mid-2030′s. Before Orion flight to Mars should be sent several robotic missions that will study the surface and atmosphere of planets and determine the place of the future of the ship landing with astronauts. NASA Director Charles Bolden said that the US is interested in working on this project with other countries, including Russia.

Pokemon Go will check for compliance with Russian law – 3DNews

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We, LLC “3DNyus” (BIN 1047796098382, legal address:. 121151, the Moscow, Kutuzovsky Prospekt, d. 22, p. 1), guarantee the confidentiality of the information received by us. Processing of personal data is carried out only in order to identify the participants, conducted in the pages www.3dnews.ru site, as well as the delivery of prizes to winners of the competition

This agreement covers the following personal data:. surname, name and patronymic, e-mail address, telephone number, address, age, occupation.

The term of your agreement is unlimited, however, you may at any time revoke this consent by sending an email notification to the address info @ 3dnews. ru marked “withdrawal of consent to the processing of personal data.” Please note that the withdrawal of your consent to the processing of personal data entails the removal of your profile, making it impossible to Your participation is conducted online www.3dnews.ru competition.

Scientists have learned that relatives of elephants ate 2 million years ago – BBC

29.07.2016 <- - include virtual = "/ nm2015 / ssi / news / bulka.shtml"!> | 17:30

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An international team of paleontologists has analyzed the remains of the teeth of extinct relatives of elephants and learned than those ate 2 million years ago. With the details of the study can be available in the journal Quaternary International.

In the study, researchers analyzed 27 pieces of teeth of extinct relatives of elephants. As a result, the paleontologists found two extinct genus Proboscidea – Stegodon sinomastodony and living on the territory of modern China about 2 million years ago, ate mostly leaves. But relatives of elephants that lived in the territory of modern India, the diet was more varied. They ate not only the leaves but also the grass.

Stegodon – genus Proboscidea, extinct about 11 thousand years ago, at the end of the Pleistocene epoch.. During this period, around the world have also become extinct large species of mammals. It was at that time became extinct woolly mammoth, bolsherogy deer, and saber-toothed cats.

Earlier Stegodon considered the ancestors of the existing elephants and mammoths, but then scientists have found that they had no children.

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Flight to the Moon proved dangerous for the heart – Interfax

found that spaceflight beyond Earth orbit dramatically increase the likelihood of death from

CVD

Photo: Tass Vladimir Smirnov

Moscow. July 29. INTERFAX.RU – American scientists have concluded that spaceflight beyond Earth orbit dramatically increase the likelihood of death from cardiovascular disease (CVD). This is most likely due to the influence of cosmic radiation, the website N + 1. The results were published in Scientific Reports journal

Employees of the University of Florida and colleagues from other research centers analyzed the causes of death of the astronauts, members of the three groups. never flew in space, who were on a low Earth orbit and the members of lunar mission ” Apollo “- only today people go beyond the Earth’s magnetosphere (there have been 24 so far, eight have died)

it was found that the death rate from cardiovascular disease among astronauts.” Apollo “(43 percent) about four times higher than their counterparts, to train in the world (nine percent) and fly at low Earth orbit (11 percent).

to determine the possible cause of such patterns, the researchers exposed lab mice to radiation similar to space , simulated weightlessness, and both factors at the same time.

it turned out that weightlessness makes the unexpressed negative impact on the cardiovascular system, but for half a year (equivalent to 20 years of life) its effects are offset. In mice exposed to radiation with simulated weightlessness or not, over the same period were observed pronounced dysfunction of the inner lining (endothelium) of arteries. Such violations are at the heart of atherosclerosis and caused them to diseases such as coronary heart disease (including heart attack), ischemic stroke and others.

Thus, long space missions have a negative impact on the cardiovascular system, it must be borne in mind when planning future missions beyond earth’s magnetosphere.

The head of Roskomnadzor announced Rutracker attendance fall by 71%, and promised to check the game Pokemon Go – NEWSru.com

Attendance of the popular torrent tracker Rutracker.org, which was for life blocked Roskomnadzor in late January of this year decreased by 71%. This was announced by the head of department Alexander Zharov in the interview with “Izvestia” .

“Yes, immediately after the lock they campaigned, the aim of which was to show that RuTracker still alive. During the first week after blocking site when acted “Streisand effect”, the audience is even increased by 7%. However, in the first month after blocking their audience slipped by 48%. today, audiences losses they make up 71%. it is obvious that for the pirate life is the critical loss because they make money through advertising, “- Zharov said

this TJ draws attention to the fact that Zharov did not elaborate on what exactly indicators in question.. Thus, according to Liveinternet service, one week before the block (from 17 to 24 January) RuTracker attendance was about 1,196 million people a day. The average attendance from 21 to 28 July was 538 000 people per day. Thus, Liveinternet recorded a decline in attendance of the resource by 55%.

During the interview, the head of Roskomnadzor also talked about the implementation of the law requiring users to store personal information on servers located in Russia. In particular, the official said that the representatives of Roskomnadzor continue regular contact on this issue with major foreign Internet companies.

“With representatives of Facebook, Twitter, Google, we meet at least twice a year and discuss various aspects of the performance of the Russian legislation . of course, during our meetings we discuss and 242-FZ on personal data localization. I can say that these companies are taking practical steps to database localization in Russia. The pace of their actions have on the whole satisfied. we do not intend to act rapidly and . thoughtlessly We are well aware that the data users of social networks are millions of our citizens, “- said Zharov

Finally, the head of Roskomnadzor answer to the question about the game Pokemon Go.. He said that neither he nor his children have not yet played the game, because in Russia it is officially not out . Also Zharov said that, in his opinion, the game developers have not pursued espionage purposes.

“If we talk about Pokemon Go, it’s not the only game that uses geolocation connects to a smartphone camera, and creates the effect of augmented reality . such a hundred, but Pokemon Go games, they say, shot I do not think that the developers of this game chased some spyware targets about updating maps of the area, the database collection, etc. I think their main problem -.. make money. and as shown by the open information, the money they earn, and a lot of “, – said Zharov.

At the same time head of the department promised that Roskomnadzor definitely will check Pokemon Go for compliance with legislation, as soon as the game will be officially

“available in Russia. At a time when Russia will be open for the game Pokemon Go, we will certainly analyze the user agreement for members of the Russian Federation to make a conclusion whether to process personal data and to what extent if processed, we will contact the company -.. the owner of the game and joined with her in dialogue about execution of Russian legislation “, – said the head of Roskomnadzor

.

A member of the Penza Research Institute revealed the truth about 3.7 million rubles hard drive – Lenta.ru

A member of the Penza “NIIFI and BT” Vladimir Andreev in the conversation with “My office,” explained the high cost and the size of the hard drive in the GNI-M2.05 developed now. Excerpts from an interview the company published in Facebook.

According to Andreev, the drive was created in 2000 for the generation of computer technology of the time. Solid State Memory in Russia then were not allowed. This hard disk drive used in a special set of management systems, primarily for military purposes.

The specialist explained that the special-purpose vehicles for military purposes must necessarily go to the domestic element base.

«If these restrictions not, please, there are companies who also make the devices for military acceptance, but foreign element base. There’s something there gigabytes and more “, – he added

By a Facebook post said that the company employee did not know that the invention has caused a stir in the press and online.. At the same time officials “NIIFI and VT” on Friday, 29 July, refused to give any comments on the GNI-M2.05.

Earlier, social networking users who learned about the invention of the Penza programmers exposed his ridicule. Some joked that the GNI-M2.05 can only be purchased in the mortgage, while others mocked the success of import substitution in the IT-sphere.

On military bases in Canada to look for banned Pokemon – TASS

OTTAWA, July 29th. / Corr. Daniel Studnev TASS /. Canadian Forces warned players Pokemon Go – in form and without it, they do not have the right to seek Pokemon in the territory of military bases or other military property. On Thursday said the TV channel STV.

The reason for the warning were three cases of “catching” themselves adherents Pokemon Go Canadian military police on three military bases located in the province of Nova Scotia and Ontario. All cases have occurred in the last few days

“In order to ensure public safety Pokemon Go players must refrain from trying to penetrate the military institutions without a separate authorization to search for Pokemon” -. Said the representative of the military base ” Halifax “(Nova Scotia) Natasha LeDuc. According to her, violators get any penalties from the “warning to a fine or arrest”

Pokemon Go -. Multiplayer game, which aims to search for and training of characters, called Pokémon. The game introduced elements of augmented reality. Digital and real worlds in Pokemon Go connected, because the picture is displayed on the smartphone’s screen is projected onto the objects from the real world. According to various estimates, the number of daily users of the game can exceed 20 million.

So far released more than 25 video game Pokemon on different platforms, and the total number of copies sold has reached the mark of 200 million. The total amount of sales, so or otherwise associated with these fantastic creatures, tens of billions of dollars.

Russian scientists have determined the speed of decomposition of dead wood – BBC

29.07.2016 <- - include virtual = "/ nm2015 / ssi / news / bulka.shtml"!> | 15:42

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Scientists from the Forest Institute of Karelian Research Centre of RAS and the St. Petersburg State Forestry Academy named after SM Kirov calculated the rate of decomposition of different types of wood, as well as different parts of the trunk and branches of the same tree. The results of work supported by a grant from the Russian Research Fund (RNF), published in the European Journal of Forest Research magazine.

«Evaluation of the rate of decomposition of large woody debris in various conditions necessary for correct calculation of the carbon balance of forests, which is especially important in an era of global climate change. Our results allow us to make recommendations for the study of the speed of biological cycles. For example, examination of the bark with wood can lead to an underestimation of the rate of decomposition of trunks “, – he explained the head of Research, Senior Researcher, Institute of Forest, Karelian Research Centre of RAS, PhD Ekaterina Shorohova.

The carbon balance of forests is estimated difference in absorption and carbon losses. Under carbon sequestration refers to the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during growth of the tree and its transformation into biomass: wood than older, the less it absorbs carbon. carbon losses occur during harvesting, forest fires, outbreaks of pests, windfalls.

«These estimates the rate of decomposition of large woody debris can predict their distribution in the ecosystem, which is especially important for many rare species of living organisms, using large wood residues as food supply or habitat. Thus, the results obtained can be used in the evaluation of ecosystem services (which are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems), boreal forests, and therefore the quality of life of people “, – says Catherine Shorohova

It is shown that. in the boreal forests of the decomposition rate of non-stem fractions of large woody debris (roots, branches and bark) depends mainly on soil moisture and tree species. The rate of decomposition of the entire tree can be modeled as a function of the natural area, tree species and diameter of the trunk. The branches are attached to the trunks decompose slower than the other factions. The average rate of weight loss of attachment of branches is 0.6% per year for the Siberian stone pine, and 2% per year for the spruce, fir, aspen and birch. The bark decomposes faster than the other factions: on average 15 and 26% per year in low and well drained (with diversion of excess water from the soil) habitats, respectively. A significant role in the loss of mass of the cortex plays its fragmentation insects. root decomposition rate is an average of 2.5 and 3.4% per year for the weak and well-drained habitats, respectively

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