THERE STRONG , financial feasibility, enjoying wide support reasons to send people to Mars – the question remains open. Specifically, the single point of view does not exist
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I would argue that if we are not going to eventually send people to worlds far from us at least at such a distance, Mars, then we lose the support of the root cause of the space station – a permanent (or shift) of the human outpost on the earth’s orbit. The space station is not ideal either for science classes or for observing the Earth from above, nor for space surveillance, or for the use of micro-gravity (due to the presence of astronauts, it is broken). For the purposes of military intelligence space station is much less convenient than automatic spacecraft. She does not have distinct advantages from an economic or industrial standpoint. It is expensive compared to unmanned vehicles. Of course, it is associated with a certain risk of human casualties. At the start of each shuttle for installation or supply the space station crash risk is about 1-2%. In the course of all completed civil and military activities in space, we will spam the lower Earth orbit to various rapidly moving debris – sooner or later, some of these objects collide with the space station (although the “Mir” station still has not received this kind of damage). The space station is also not required for human exploration of the Moon. “Apollo” is quite successful got there, when the space station did not yet exist. With boosters class “Saturn-5″ or “Energy”, we may be able to achieve near-Earth asteroids or even Mars without collecting this spaceship on the orbital space station.
Space Station could serve in motivating and educational purposes, as well as specifically allowed to strengthen the relationship between space-faring nations – in particular between the US and Russia. But the only serious function of the space station, as far as I’m concerned, is in long-term space flights. How a person feels in microgravity? How to counteract the progressive changes in the chemical composition of the blood, and about 6%-Term destruction of bone tissue per year at zero gravity (at three-or four-year mission to Mars, this effect will accumulate if the travelers have all the time to be at zero g)?
<-! place 7995965, / science / 2015/12 / 28_a_7995965.shtml, nm2015 / v2 / article / incut, incut2_link ->Perhaps the station will help clarify any questions of general biology – for example, concerning DNA or the evolutionary process; on the contrary, it is a question of human problems of applied biology. It is important to know the answers, but only if we are going to go far into space, and the path to the goal, we need a lot of time. The only real and consistent with the purpose of the space station – ultimately achieve manned missions to near-Earth asteroids, Mars and beyond. Historically NASA beware clearly articulate this fact, probably for fear that Congress will reject with disgust the space station as the first step on the way to a very expensive project, and declare that the state is not ready to send people to Mars. In fact, after that NASA kept quiet about what really needed the space station. But still, if we have the space station, nothing obliges us to fly directly to Mars. We can use it for the accumulation and refinement of important knowledge and spend it as much time as we deem it necessary – so that when the time will come when we will be ready to go to other planets, we will have the necessary experience and achievements, to do so without risk.
crash “Mars Observer” and the catastrophic loss of the space shuttle “Challenger” in 1986 remind us that in future manned missions to Mars and wherever you go there will always be a certain probability of a fatal crash. The mission of “Apollo 13″, which could not and had to prilunitsya simply return to Earth, emphasizes how lucky we are. We do not know how to design a completely safe cars and trains, although doing this for more than a century. After hundreds of thousands of years after the domestication of fire, there the fire service, which employees expect a call in every city in the world to once again something to extinguish. During four trips to the New World Columbus and then lost ships, including one of the three that made up his fleet, to hit the road in 1492 g.
If we are going somewhere else to send people, we should be in a very good reason, and we must clearly understand that this is almost certainly not do without victims. Astronauts and cosmonauts have always known about it. Nevertheless, there is and there will be shortage of volunteers
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But why Mars? Why not go back to the moon? It is close and we have proved that we know how to send people there. I’m worried that the Moon with all its vicinity – it’s just a great hook, if not a dead end. We were there. We even brought back to Earth lunar material. People saw moonstones, and for reasons that seem to me entirely justified, they are already tired of the Moon. It solidified airless, waterless, dead world with the black sky. The most interesting aspect of the Moon is perhaps its craters -. Evidence of ancient cataclysmic collision that has undergone not only the moon but also the Earth
On Mars, on the other hand, there is the weather, sandstorms own satellites, volcanoes, polar ice caps, fantastic landscapes, ancient river valleys and evidence of large-scale climate change, to which the world looked like Earth. Retains some prospect of finding on Mars traces vymershey̆ life or even life, preserved to our days. In addition, this planet is the most favorable for a new life – for the relocation of earthlings that have been able to provide itself with all necessary right on Mars. All this does not apply to the Moon. In addition, the history of Mars is easy to read in its crater. If the closest celestial body within our reach was Mars, not the moon, we would not abandon manned mission to the planet.
In addition, the Moon is neither particularly convenient testing ground for the trip to Mars, or transit point on the way to it. Martian and lunar environment is very different, in addition, Moon and Earth approximately the same distance from Mars. The equipment for exploration of Mars can be tested in Earth orbit, in near-Earth asteroids, or on the earth itself – for example, in the Antarctic – at least with the same success as that of the Moon
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Japan is known for its skeptical attitude toward the United States and other countries striving to plan and implement large joint space projects. There is at least one reason that Japan, unlike other space powers, prefers to stand apart. Japanese “Lunar and Planetary Society” – an organization representing the Space enthusiasts in the government, universities and major industrial sectors. At the time of this writing, the society offers to design and provide a lunar base only by means of robots. It is believed that the work will last about 30 years and will cost about $ 30 billion per annum (representing 7% of the current US budget for civilian space program). People arrive at the base only after it is fully ready. It is expected that the use of robotic construction crews, controlled by radio from the ground ten times reduce the cost of the project. The only problem with this program, according to reports, is that some Japanese scientists are asking: “Why?” This is a good question for any nation.
Perhaps now the first manned mission to Mars is too costly for any country that tried to implement it on their own. In addition, inappropriate to this historic step made by representatives of only one small part of the whole of humanity. But the project, which would be attended by the US, Russia, Japan, the European Space Agency and other States (probably China), it seems a matter not so distant future. The International Space Station will test how we are willing to work to carry out large engineering projects in space
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The cost of sending a kilogram of anything at least for the near-Earth orbit to date is almost equal to the cost of a kilogram of gold. Definitely this is the main reason for which we have yet to reach the shores of ancient Mars. Multistage rocket began to transport the liquid fuel, which first brought us out into space, and we take them so far. We strive to optimize them to make safer, more reliable, easier, cheaper. But this has not happened yet, but if happens, it is not as fast as many had hoped
Therefore, it may be better to do otherwise: single-stage missiles can display their payload directly into orbit;. it may be better to throw the party into orbit small payloads by firing their cannons or releasing rockets from aircraft. Maybe suitable ultrasonic devices with ramjet engine. There may be more rational ways to which we are not smart enough. If we are able to produce fuel for the return journey from the atmosphere and the soil of the world, where we are going, what space travel is much simplified.
As soon as we find ourselves in space and go to the planets, rocketry is not necessarily the best means for moving the large payload, even with the gravitational acceleration. Today, we carry out several rocket exhausts at the start, followed by correction midcourse trajectory and path for the rest of the ship just goes on inertia. But there are promising ionic and nuclear electric rocket systems capable of providing small and constant acceleration. Or, as another founder of Russian cosmonautics Konstantin Tsiolkovsky first suggested, it would be possible to use the solar sail – broad but very thin film spectacular sunlight and the solar wind. It caravel few kilometers wide will slide into the interplanetary void. Such methods are much better suited to launch missions to Mars and more distant expeditions
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As is the case with most of our technology, when something somehow works, is the first device of its kind, we will, of course, try to improve the car, to develop it, to exploit. Soon, the primary technology, regardless of its perfection require institutional investment such that modify it to something better will be very difficult. NASA virtually no resources to study alternative models of engines. Money to spend on mission, planned in the near future, which may lead to concrete results and improve the track record of NASA. Investing in alternative technologies pays off only after one or two decades. We are not very inclined to look into the future at this time. This is one of the reasons why the initial success may eventually lead to disaster; He is very similar to the processes in biological evolution. But sooner or later, any nation – perhaps one that never will make huge investments in the shortest workable technology – create effective alternatives
Even before that, when we go on the way of cooperation, the time will come. – probably in the first decades of the new century and millennium – when assembly of the spaceship will be in orbit and the whole process will be shown in detail on the evening news. Astronauts and cosmonauts, swarming like gnats, will direct and articulated prefabricated parts. In the end, on board the ship ready and experienced international crew will rise, and then the ship accelerated to escape velocity. Throughout the expedition to Mars and back to the life of the crew members will depend on each and every one on board, from microsocium, the nuances of which are peculiar to us and in the world. Perhaps the first international expedition to another planet will be limited only fly-by of Mars or access to orbit around it. Earlier automatic vehicles equipped with air brakes, brake parachute and rocket engines, gently descend to the Martian surface, collect samples and deliver them back to Earth, and Mars will leave everything necessary for future researchers. But regardless of whether we have a convincing and weighty reasons, I’m sure (if we are not self-destruct before), that once set foot on Mars, the human foot. The only question is when it will happen.
According to the official agreement signed by Washington and Moscow, January 27, 1967, no country can claim to certain areas of another planet or the entire planet. However – for historical reasons that are well understood Columbus – some people are not indifferent to who would be the first on Mars. If we really care about, it is possible to foresee that at the time of descent to the surface of Mars with its slaboy̆ gravitatsiey̆ all crew members attached to each other by the ankles.
Travelers will be picked up and a new pre-selected designs – in part to search for life , partly in order to understand the past and the future of Mars and Earth. For the benefit of these expeditions, they will put on the production of water experiments, oxygen and nitrogen and Martian rocks and try to get the air out of the permafrost – to drink, to breathe, to feed the machine and, with regard to the rocket fuel and oxidizer, to return home. They will test the Martian material to eventually produce one base and settlements.
They will study. When I imagine a human explorers on Mars, I’ve always seen vezde- course, a bit like a jeep traveling on one of the intersecting valleys. The crew keeps ready geological sampling hammers, cameras and analytical tools. People are looking for ancient stones, signs of past disasters, climate change clues, explore strange chemistry, or fossils – the most exciting and unlikely – something alive. Their findings are transmitted to Earth via video with the speed of light. You, sitting on the couch with the children, considering the ancient Martian riverbeds.
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